Early symptoms of colorectal cancer can include changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or narrowing of the stool), rectal bleeding, blood in the stool, abdominal pain or cramping, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss. Many people experience no symptoms in the early stages, which is why regular screening is essential.

The American Cancer Society recommends that most people begin regular screening at age 45. Those with a family history or other risk factors (like a genetic predisposition, inflammatory bowel disease, or previous polyps) may need to start earlier. Discuss your individual risk with your healthcare provider.

Risk factors include age (most cases occur in people over 50), family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, certain genetic mutations, a diet high in red or processed meats, a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, heavy alcohol use, obesity, and inflammatory bowel conditions like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.

While not all cases are preventable, you can reduce your risk by eating a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; exercising regularly; maintaining a healthy weight; avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption; and getting regular screenings to catch precancerous polyps early.

Treatment options depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Early detection often leads to more effective treatment. A multidisciplinary team of doctors will work with you to create a personalized treatment plan.